Charged up

Recently Hydro Quebec announced plans for extending their DCQC network to allow further EV road trips in la belle province. By the end of 2016, an EV will be able to travel from the Ontario border to Rivière-du-Loup (and beyond) completely stress-free. The problem, as identified in my previous post, is that the infrastructure hits the New Brunswick border and stops:

Source: AVEQ/HydroQuebec

Spaced every 45-70km like HydroQuebec's plan, the following stations could extend this network through New Brunswick on the Trans-Canada:

• Edmundston, Grand Falls, Florenceville, Woodstock, Nackawic, Fredericton, Jemseg, Havelock, Moncton, Sackville, Cape Jourimain

Continuing the network along Route 1 with stations in Sussex, Quispamsis, Lepreau, St. Stephen

And one in Welsford to connect Saint John to Fredericton.

Map of proposed DCQC network, showing my southern bias

Connections to current networks can be made by adding stations in:

• Cabano, QC to connect Edmundston to HydroQuebec's netowrk
• Beddington, ME to connect St. Stephen to the enormous US network
• Oxford, NS to connect Sackville (NB) to Truro and Halifax

Sixteen stations (+3 outside NB) would get us quite a network, but at $50-100k  per station it's unlikely that anyone is ready to step-up and cover the bill. A less ambitious network would start with stations every ~100km, which might create redundancy in the future, but gets the basic network setup:

A simple solution to cover the Trans-Canada through the province.

Six stations might be an easier sell to the public, and is still a respectable route for the time being. Three more stations in Hampton, Welsford and Cape Jourimain would round-out southern NB, and get you to PEI and NS.

Currently, Level 2 chargers overlap these locations a bit. The difference is speed: Level 2 is an overnight or all-day affair (4-8 hours), where DCQC is more like filling up with gasoline (admittedly while also grabbing a coffee and a bathroom break) at 30 minutes. This means long distance road trips become logistically easy, compared to the haphazard method of charging in campgrounds and homes. However, chargers at hotels in Fredericton, Moncton, Grand falls, Edmundston, and Woodstock shift the priority to getting stations in Coles Island (Sussex if you want to cover Route 1 at the same time) and Perth-Andover/Florenceville. Welsford seems like a no-brainer between Fredericton and Saint John, it's also the station that would be most useful to me (hint, hint).

50 shades of brown

I think it was Geoff Lawton who said something along the lines of "the only way for truly sustainable farming is to build soil, so that you have more soil when you're done than when you started". This is a stark opposite to the common slash-and-burn practices and the Western favourite "soak depleted soil in pesticide and fertilizer" approach. To those who aren't sure what's wrong with using fertilizer - the health of the plants is based on the health of the system the plants are living in, and first and foremost - the health of the soil. This encompasses the mineral and humus content of the soil, AND, just as important - the multitude of organisms that are the soil life. These include fungi, bacteria, worms, insects, and whatever else. This network of living things is what makes it soil, rather than dirt.

Keeping all this in mind, I was itching to get started making our soil a thing of beauty. As soon as we got a truck, we have started compiling our sources of organics. Main concerns were price (free, please), compatibility (you need both nitrogen-rich and carbon-rich materials), and versatility. One thing that people often miss is that currently soils are more often than not deficient in some things (due to long-term growing/grazing and selling elsewhere that removes the nutrients). Different soils will have, of course, different deficiencies. However, if you compost all of your home-grown leftovers and apply them to your own garden, thinking that you're solving your soil's issues right there, you're completely off-target. Each garden will have a different mineral content. Since you're applying a mineral-deficient compost to the same-mineral-deficient soil, you're still left with deficiency. To do fine-scale, targeted adjustments of mineral contents, it's super important to have soil tested. The broader approach is to get inputs from as many different sources as you possibly can, and hope that they will cover the spectrum of specific needs of your soil.

Piles of free wood chips, courtesy of a tree service company not too far away 

Which brings us to the name of the post - the more different manures, the better! Currently, we have a pile of alpaca manure, horse manure, and we should be able to pick up some chicken manure in a couple of weeks. These will be our nitrogen sources. Since different animals uptake different vitamins and minerals, the manures should have a fairly variable composition. Carbon sources will include cardboard from recycling bins, free wood chips from a tree service company, and fallen leaves from anywhere we can get them.

Mmmm, manure... Horse in the front, alpaca in the back. Josh on the truck ;-)

Our approach will be build raised beds using sheet composting (aka lasagna beds) this fall and next spring. Currently, we're waiting for the house construction to be over and all the heavy equipment to be gone. Once the house is built, we will put together a few raised beds. In them, we'll layer cardboard on the bottom, a layer of mixed manures, a thick layer of leaves, a bit of top soil from our own site (scraped off during driveway and house construction), and wood chips on top. All pathways in between will be mulched using cardboard and wood chips. All this good stuff will be left to overwinter and decompose, so that it's ready for planting in the spring. One of the beds will be made using compost from the stuff Josh's relatives are supplying us. I really hope it does well, so that they see what you can achieve with the power of garbage :-)

Final house plans - they exist!

The last week or so has been pretty exciting for us. The house plans got finalized (true story!), printed, and handed off to the builder. Here's what it will look like. Eventually.

                                 South side                                                                                                              West side

Main energy-efficient and green features, thanks to our Passive-house-certified designer (Garth Hood, from Thoughtful Dwellings, Fredericton, NB):
1) Lots of (but not too many) windows on the south side, for good lighting throughout the day, and passive solar heating (sun heating the interior through the windows) in the winter
2) Minimal glazing on the north (single, 2'x3' window in the bathroom) and west (single window in the kitchen), to reduce heat escape from the north side and avoid the hot afternoon sun from the west.
3) Crazy efficient windows (see below)
4) Crazy efficient heat recovery ventilation (HRV) system (see below)
5) A hydronic wood gasification stove (see below)
6) Solar panels + batteries
7) Composting toilet
8) Insulated Concrete Form (ICF) construction - makes for a very air-tight house

The windows we're getting are super fancy - not only are they triple-glazed (and we get to choose the solar heat gain coefficients, which differ for south and north sides), but they also have insulated frames. The overall effect is that the inside surface is warm to the touch even in the winter, they have a huge effect on total house insulation, and make fantastic window seats. Since they're extra-fancy, they also open in two different directions:

Fancy windows (left) and the outcome of having insulated windows and tight thermal envelope (right)

The HRV is a Zehnder ComfoAir 200, which will be installed with an earth tube. The earth tube is as it sounds - a pipe buried underground. This pipe provides the intake air for the HRV system. Since it's underground, the incoming air is at a much more stable temperature (being heated up by the Earth's mass). Below is a graph of outside air temp (blue) and intake air temp (red). This should allow us to save a fair bit on energy to heat the incoming air to house-temperature.

              

<-- Earth tube during installation      ^ Comparison of outside air temperature with                                                                        after-tube temperature

Ahhh, the wood gasification stove. The world's least sexy name for one of the coolest things I've ever seen. In short - it has two chambers; the top one burns wood, like any normal wood stove. The lower chamber burns the exhaust from the upper chamber, which allows for higher efficiency and cleaner exhaust. In addition to heating the house directly, the stove also connects to a huge (1000 L) tank and heats the water inside it. The tank acts as storage, which can be used either for in-floor heating or heating up domestic water when the batteries are running low. Made by a German company, with distributors in Canada and US. Here's the video, skip to 2:10 past the overly-perfect German family to see the magic...

Ze majestik vood stove

Solar panels + batteries are pretty self-explanatory. Plus, we don't have the plans for those yet, so can't include any cool pictures. The work will be done locally, by Treefrog Ventures. The battery bank was calculated to give us about 5 days of regular-use power under overcast conditions. Between this and the wood stove, we're hoping to not need much of a generator use throughout the year. We'll see how it pans out. Part of the process is learning the systems and probably changing some bad habits.

Composting toilet - while I've already written about it, I thought I'd reiterate. Flushing toilets make no sense. There is a Russian expression that goes "if you add a teaspoon of jam to a barrel of crap, you get a barrel of crap. If you add a teaspoon of crap to a barrel of jam, you still get a barrel of crap". Flushing toilets do exactly that - 13 L per flush until the 1990s and almost 5 L per flush since. That makes for a very, very large barrel of crap, where there is absolutely no need for it in the first place.

Last, but not least, is ICF construction. The idea is that the insulation (rigid foam) is a part of the wall right off the bat, instead of an add-on during the construction process. Once the ICF blocks are installed, the concrete is poured, and - voilà - you have reinforced, well-insulated concrete walls. Since the insulation is already there during the wall formation, the insulating envelope is tight, and the thermal performance of the house ends up being higher than with many other forms of insulation.

ICF construction, pre-concrete pour.  

Now that these things are in place, we're just waiting for the well digger to dig our well, and the house construction can begin!

Moving - what makes it and what doesn't

Josh usually calls me a gypsy, referring to the fact that I've moved a lot throughout my life. By the time I was 10, we have lived in 3 different places (in 2 different countries). I stopped counting how many apartments I have lived in by the time I finished by Master's degree. Every time I moved, whether as a child or as an adult, I had to make a decision of what gets left behind and what comes with me.

It used to be easy, I'm not too attached to most of my things. But house plants have been my downfall. I have collected a fair number in every place I've lived in Canada. Every time I moved town, a few had to be given away, while the "chosen ones" would stay with me. We hauled 2 boxes of plants from NB with us. They were hardy enough to make it through being locked up in a dark trailer for a week in July. Currently, the count at our place is 33 green pets (holy crap, when did that happen??).

My problem is that I also want to take a bunch of tree cuttings with me. What kind? I have access to different apple, plum, walnut, and cherry trees, and a bunch of other goodies. I've been reading about tree propagation, and most trees can be grown from cuttings (yay, cloning made easy!). Since the trailer is a finite space, I will need to make some hard choices (see? I'm already better at this than most of the world's leading economists). Each house plant I keep means one less fruit tree or shrub I can plant (and another $20-30 per cutting we'd have to pay at a nursery). So over the past few (and next few) weeks, there will be a box of plants by the door, waiting to be dropped off at another nice person's home. Hope they treat 'em well...

It's not waste, it's an opportunity!

Let's talk about toilets. We sit on the throne, do our business, wipe, pull on a lever, and feel all clean and sparkly, never having to deal with our own waste. This process requires copious amounts of water, crazy piping systems, and large-scale effluent treatment (can you say wasteful, expensive, and complicated?). It leads to a whole variety of problems, ranging from clogged pipes, pest infestation, the occasional overflowing during floods, etc... (I omitted links to pictures and sites, I'm sure you'll understand). In the rural areas, where urban sewage is not an option, septic tanks are usually required, coming with the added bonus of occasional tank pumping, tank backup, and septic failure ("Most septic systems will fail sometime" - what?? I didn't actually know that).

In the meantime, the process does not need to be gross or complicated. Poop is basically future earth, it just needs to be reminded of it :-) By composting the waste (also lovingly called humanure), you can avoid creating a smelly health hazard and instead create compost, the stuff happy food grows in. If you think about it, animal manure has been used for soil amendment for as long as humans farmed. We're just as good at producing the stuff, why not use it properly?

Is it gross? No, it shouldn't be. Here's a good and humorous list of the reasons why a flush toilet is actually way, way grosser. We just don't think about it, because flush toilets are the current mainstream paradigm (= because that's how we currently do things).

So there we had it, hippie-mode Sima meets urban, kinda squeamish Josh (wasn't there a TV show about that?). There were several mildly heated discussions, one moment where Josh asked hopefully "well, can put one regular toilet in the house, just in case?", but I stood my ground, and we have a winner! Looks like we'll be getting one of these slick things:

Considering that you can use things like dry grass clippings and cedar wood shavings to "flush" your goods, that bathroom is going to smell awesome. At least, we sure do hope so!

Cleaning our house, cleaning ourselves

I have not used deodorant since... I'm not actually sure. Sometime in summer 2013? In fact, I forgot where it was the one time I did want to use it this year. I have not used shower soap since December 2013. No, I do not stink, at all. Josh keeps forgetting that I don't use soap, and has that surprised look on his face every time it comes up.

We have both made big strides toward decreasing the amount of chemicals we use at home both for cleaning and personal hygiene products. What drives me is my hippiness and the fact that maintaining a healthy greywater system will require us to not use heavy any chemicals. What drives Josh is a mystery, but simplicity, $$ saved, and a desire to please me probably all play a role.

The key to all of our house cleaning supplies? Realizing that we don't actually need a lot of the cleaning products we buy. Eliminating the unnecessaries, a bit of edibles (vinegar, baking soda, lemon juice), Dr Bronner's castile soap, and some elbow grease work for the rest. Examples -

• We do not have air fresheners; since we've reduced our meat consumption, smelly bathrooms have not been an issue. 
• I only use water and a brush to clean the toilet (and no, it doesn't smell or try to take over the world), eliminating any nasty toilet-cleaning chemicals. 
• We use Dr Bronner's for most things like hand soap, bathtub and sink cleaning. 
• Josh uses a mix of vinegar and soap in a spray bottle as his "doomsday weapon" against clothing stains, windows, and such other things. 
• When running the dryer, we use wool laundry balls (hehe, balls) with a couple of safety pins in them to 1) reduce drying time, and 2) remove static, and have not needed formalin-infused dryer sheets. 
• This weekend I finally mixed up our own laundry detergent. 

Personal care -

• Twice now, we've tried the no-shampoo approach, for approximately a month or two. The second time it worked better, but I still have to figure out the perfect concoction. 
• For my "beauty products" I use oils and food items - castor and jojoba for oil cleansing, same + nutmeg for an amazing scrub, argan oil for moisturizing, coconut oil for the occasional hand moisturizing. 
• No shower soap for me, just water and a cotton shower cloth do marvelously well.
• No deodorant at all for me, and Josh only uses his during the workweek.

Overall, this means that we have far fewer chemicals around the house. Less money paid to the big companies, less worries about anyone ingesting anything horrible, and much happier lungs and noses. Honestly? Cleaning yourself or your house should not be leading to "occupational asthma and other respiratory illnesses" (see in full). Our grandmas kept sparkly-clean houses and laundry without an army of bottles under their sink or in their bathroom. I'm sure we can do just as well...

Greywater system

I have put a fair bit of thought into incorporating a full greywater system in our (future) house. Greywater encompasses any wastewater that does not contain human poop. Once Josh was on board with a composting toilet (yay!), utilizing the rest of our water properly just made sense. In a time when water resources are getting very scarce (US example, UN facts, China) and water pollution is increasing (no support links needed, I hope), we both feel that it's important to reuse and clean up whatever water waste we produce...

There are fantastic (and free!) resources for planning one, e.g., this and this. NB being NB, government regulations aren't super helpful for doing things using common sense and physics, rather than by-the-book and grid-based. The current regulations stipulate that a "non-conventional" sewage system must be designed by an engineer and installed by a licensed person (I have still not been able to find one of the latter). Since our kinda-neighbours on the Kingston peninsula are building a legitimate off-grid Earth Ship, complete with all the permits, we could basically follow in their footsteps (= creep up on their FB page and find & hire all the people that did the work for them).

Once I talked to the environmental engineer that designed their greywater system, I got discouraged. He suggested we use a septic tank and a pump, both things that I was trying to avoid - greywater that sits for > 24 h will become fetid, and relying on pumps may be a big mistake. Apart from pushing us to use system components I didn't want to use, the exercise would be quite expensive (and that's before the installation costs!).

Josh provided the voice of reason, as usual. Current plan? Install a composting toilet and go ahead with a septic tank/field "conventional" installation. However, plumbing design will also have to include stub outs - allowing us to incorporate a greywater system down the road, once regulation is more flexible and we have a better feel for what would work for us.

Of all our water will end up being used for irrigation. The initial treatments will likely include things like mycelium filtering and reed bed treatment. The outflow water will have to be lab-tested a few times under different scenarios to ensure proper filtration is taking place.

In the meantime, here's a picture of the system I thought up. I wonder, once we have our system up and running, how naive and silly will this look to me? Can only guess at how many details and important bits I didn't even think of at this point :-)

What's in our garbage?

In the past year or two, I have been slowly transitioning into a "Spaceship Earth" mentality. I have become exceedingly aware of how much garbage we produce - both Josh and I as individuals, and our society as a whole.

Until fairly recently, all refuse could be either composted (food scraps, old clothes, bodies of noisy neighbours) or reused/repurposed (broken tools, bricks, only somewhat used clothes). The idea of garbage as we know it surfaced when we came up with things that don't fall into these two categories - TVs, oil filters, car tires...

The amount of waste is just staggering. The average Canadian produces 777 kg of garbage a year (=1713 lbs); assuming 60 years of adult life, that makes 46,620 kg (=102,780 lbs) per person's adult lifetime. The only time we see it, is when there is a workers' strike (see examples from Toronto, Vancouver, Amsterdam, Naples). If you think "oh, I recycle, it's OK", consider the resources required to pick up the recycling, separate it, re-process, send it to the factories, and make things out of it again. Is it definitely better to recycle than to throw it out, but  it is best to either not have it or to reuse it...

As we transition to an off-grid mindset, we're trying to reduce our garbage stream as much as possible. Guesstimating by weight, compost accounts for ~ 75% of our refuse, recycling for ~ 15%, and garbage constitutes the remaining 10%. As a result, Josh and I have about 1 kitchen catcher bag of garbage every 3 weeks or so (21 L bags, we're guessing at ~ 5 lbs when full). That's considered very, very little (annual guesstimate average of 43.5 lbs of garbage or 65.3 lbs of garbage + recycling for each of us, an equivalent of 3.8% of the average Canadian). However, using this average, over the course of our lives together we'll produce > 4 tons of garbage (next 50 years =  2600 weeks = 866.7 garbage bags = 4,333 lbs of garbage for the two of us).

We decreased our garbage output by several steps. Recycling was a given, and composting using our back-yard pile was a huge step forward (composting isn't hard and doesn't require city pickup or much space, take a look here!). We compost anything that isn't meat (= 99.99% of our diet), as well as paper products - Kleenex and paper towels. I moved completely to reusable feminine hygiene products (no, it's not gross, and it's WAY better and cheaper). To store leftovers, we use containers instead of plastic wrap or foil. We stopped using parchment paper (granola and nachos don't stick if you stir/move them immediately after baking). What's left? Mainly packaging from breakfast cereal and nachos (Josh's 2 remaining sources of processed food), packaging from tofu and cheese (about 2 packages / month, on average), packaging from meat or fish that we buy (~ once a month on average), glass jars and bottles from the occasional sauce or condiment (BC, why you no recycle glass??).

While Josh is (rightfully) happy about the huge decrease in garbage output, my ultimate goal is to reduce both our garbage and recycling to almost nothing. How? Use cardboard and newspapers in the garden for sheet mulching, grow, store, and make anything we can, buy in bulk anything we can't grow. The day we stop buying packaged food altogether, I might throw a party. Let me know if you want an invitation :-)